A Model for the Acceptance of Information From People

The Acceptance of Information From People

People are one of the most important sources of information available to us. Much of what we know about the world comes from other people. We learn from our parents, teachers, friends, scientists, historians, journalists, coworkers, and countless strangers whose words reach us through books, television, and the internet.

Yet trusting a person as a source of information requires careful judgment.

We should neither blindly trust people nor blindly distrust them. Instead, we should evaluate both the person providing the information and the information itself.

In order to evaluate a person as a source of information with rationality, we can begin by asking:

"Has this person given me a reason to believe that they may be dishonest?"

If we have no reason to suspect dishonesty, we can continue listening with an open mind. If a person has demonstrated dishonesty in the past, we should take that history into consideration, but we should not automatically conclude that everything the person says in the future is false.

Past dishonesty can provide a reason for increased skepticism, but it does not logically prove that the person's next statement is dishonest. Likewise, a person who has consistently told the truth has earned a greater degree of trust, but their history does not guarantee that their next statement will be true.

Therefore, we should distinguish between trusting a person and accepting a statement.

A trustworthy person can be mistaken.

An untrustworthy person can sometimes tell the truth.

A person can honestly communicate information that they themselves incorrectly believe to be true.

And a person can deliberately communicate something false.

For this reason, evaluating the truth of a statement requires more than evaluating the character of the person who made it.

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Who Are You?

Some people may be inclined to trust or distrust another person based on appearance alone. But appearance tells us very little about whether a person's information is accurate.

A person's clothing, age, physical appearance, social status, confidence, popularity, or manner of speaking should not be treated as proof of the truth of what they say.

The evaluation of a person as a source of information takes time.

When we encounter someone whose reliability we do not yet know, an important question to ask is:

"Who are you?"

We may not initially know the answer. But as we learn about a person, we can develop a more informed understanding of their reliability.

We can consider their past behavior, their knowledge and experience, whether they distinguish facts from opinions, whether they acknowledge their mistakes, whether they provide evidence for their claims, and whether their statements can be independently verified.

Over time, a person can develop a record of providing accurate or inaccurate information.

However, even an excellent record should not cause us to abandon our own ability to think critically.

A source can deserve our trust without deserving our unquestioned belief.

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Trust the Person, Examine the Information

One of the most important principles in evaluating people as sources of information is this:

We should evaluate the credibility of the person separately from the truth of the statement.

Suppose a person has given us ten accurate pieces of information. We have good reason to regard that person as a reliable source. But when the person gives us an eleventh statement, we should still ask whether that particular statement is supported by sufficient evidence.

Likewise, suppose someone has previously lied to us. We should remember that history when evaluating their future statements, but we should not automatically assume that their next statement is false.

This allows us to avoid two opposite mistakes:

Blind trust: "This person is trustworthy, so everything they say must be true."

Blind distrust: "This person has lied before, so everything they say must be false."

The rational position lies between these extremes.

We should allow a person's history to influence our degree of trust, while allowing the evidence for each individual claim to influence our degree of belief.

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Things to Consider When Judging a Person as a Source of Information

When evaluating a person as a source of information, we can ask:

1. What do I know about this person?

What is their history? What do they know? What experience do they have? Have they demonstrated reliability?

2. Has this person given me a reason to believe that they may be dishonest?

Have they lied, deliberately misled others, concealed important information, or demonstrated a pattern of dishonesty?

3. Has this person demonstrated that they are willing to admit mistakes?

A person who can acknowledge being wrong may provide more reason for trust than someone who refuses to reconsider any of their beliefs.

4. Does this person provide evidence for their claims?

Are they asking us merely to believe them, or are they giving us reasons to believe what they say?

5. How does my perception of this person change as I learn more about them?

Our initial impression may be incomplete. As we learn more, our assessment should be allowed to change.

6. If this person has been correct many times, am I treating their reliability as a guarantee?

A strong record can increase our confidence in a person, but it cannot guarantee that every future statement will be correct.

7. Can the information be independently verified?

Whenever possible, we should determine whether other evidence supports the person's statement.

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Listen With Open Ears Without Immediately Accepting

One of the most useful habits in the pursuit of knowledge is learning to entertain a thought without accepting it as true.

We can listen carefully to an idea without immediately believing it.

This allows us to investigate information without prematurely accepting or rejecting it.

When someone tells us something unfamiliar, we can temporarily hold the idea in our minds and ask:

"Could this be true?"

Then we can investigate.

This is a more useful approach than immediately responding with either:

"I believe you."

or

"I don't believe you."

The first response may lead to blind acceptance. The second may cause us to reject information before we have properly examined it.

The better response is often:

"I will consider what you have said, and I will determine whether the evidence supports it."

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Ask Questions

To understand information more deeply, we should ask questions.

We can ask:

"What is this?"

"What do you mean?"

"How do you know?"

"Why?"

"What evidence supports this?"

"Could there be another explanation?"

Questions allow us to move beyond the surface of a statement and investigate what lies underneath it.

When we ask someone to explain the meaning of their words, we may discover that we initially misunderstood them. A statement that sounded one way may have been intended another way.

This is especially important because people communicate through more than literal words.

People use metaphors, humor, sarcasm, exaggeration, figures of speech, and emotional expressions. Therefore, understanding another person's words sometimes requires understanding the context and intention behind them.

The literal words alone would therefore not fully communicate the meaning.

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Ask "Why?"

The question "Why?" is one of the most powerful questions available to the human mind.

When someone performs an action, we can ask:

"Why did they do this?"

When someone makes a statement, we can ask:

"Why do they believe this?"

When someone gives us information, we can ask:

"Why are they telling me this?"

Asking why can reveal motives, assumptions, causes, and perspectives that are not immediately visible.

However, we should be careful when attempting to determine another person's motives. We cannot directly enter another person's mind, and we should not treat our interpretation of their motives as established fact.

Instead, we should consider the person's circumstances, experiences, goals, beliefs, and perspective and then form a tentative explanation.

We should remember that two people can observe the same event and interpret it differently. They can have different experiences, different assumptions, different values, and different understandings of the same words.

Understanding these differences can help us understand not only what another person believes, but why they believe it.

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Listen to the Meaning Behind the Words

Communication involves more than vocabulary.

A person's tone of voice, facial expression, timing, emphasis, and surrounding circumstances can sometimes provide information about the meaning they intend to convey.

Therefore, when listening to someone, we should pay attention not only to what they say but also to how they say it.

However, these signals should be treated as clues rather than proof.

A person's tone may suggest anger, sadness, excitement, sarcasm, or uncertainty, but we should not assume that we know their internal state merely from their voice.

When the meaning is uncertain, the best method is often simply to ask:

"What did you mean by that?"

Asking can prevent us from turning an interpretation into an assumption.

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What Should We Believe?

We should not determine the truth of information solely by deciding whether we like or trust the person who provided it.

Instead, we should consider what can reasonably be established from the available evidence.

Some information can be confirmed through direct observation. Other information can be established through reliable records, measurements, experiments, documents, testimony, mathematical reasoning, or multiple independent sources.

Therefore, we should not limit knowledge only to what we personally see with our own eyes. Much of what we reasonably know about the world comes from evidence that we cannot personally observe.

The important question is not:

"Did I personally see it?"

The better question is:

"What evidence gives me good reason to believe it?"

This distinction allows us to benefit from the knowledge of other people without surrendering our own ability to evaluate information.

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The Goal of Trust

The goal of this model is not to teach us to distrust everyone.

Human beings depend upon one another for knowledge. No individual can personally investigate everything that needs to be known. We rely on other people because our ability to understand the world is greatly expanded when we can learn from the experiences, observations, and expertise of others.

The goal is therefore informed trust.

We can trust people while remaining intellectually independent.

We can respect expertise without treating experts as infallible.

We can remember a person's history without allowing that history to determine the truth of every future statement.

And we can change our assessment of a person as new evidence about their reliability becomes available.

Ultimately, the most rational approach to information from other people is neither blind trust nor blind suspicion.

It is open-minded examination.

Listen with open ears.

Ask questions.

Seek clarification.

Consider the person's perspective.

Examine their history.

Look for evidence.

Verify important claims when possible.

And, most importantly, never surrender your own ability to think critically.

A person can be an excellent source of information without being an infallible source of truth.

The wise mind therefore does not ask only, "Do I trust this person?"

It asks the deeper question:

"What reason do I have to believe what this person has told me?"

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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Reading Beyond the Surface

    Reading can be understood as a progressively deeper form of engagement with written material. Simply being able to recognize words does not necessarily mean that a person understands what is being communicated. A person may read something without understanding it at all, but beyond this is the ability to comprehend the information presented and, ultimately, to look deeper into the writing to understand what may be inferred from it. Reading therefore can become more than the process of receiving information; it can become a means of examining ideas, understanding the perspective of the writer, and discovering information that is not stated directly.

    One form of reading is understanding the face value of the material. This means comprehending the information that is directly presented by the writer. In school there can be a distinction between cramming information in order to pass a test and studying the material in order to comprehend it. Although both approaches may allow a person to remember information, giving the material serious consideration can lead to a more meaningful understanding of what is being communicated. Understanding the face value of a text is therefore an important part of reading, but it does not necessarily represent the full extent of what can be learned from it.

    A deeper form of engagement with writing occurs when we begin to read through the lens of the writer. Rather than limiting our understanding to what is explicitly stated, we can examine the way the writer communicates and consider what this may reveal about the author's understanding of the subject. This involves paying attention to the writer's choice of information, the way ideas are presented, and the strategy used to communicate them. By doing so, we can begin to understand not only what the writer is saying, but also how the writer thinks about the subject.

    This deeper form of reading can be extended through inference and insight into the mind of the writer. The power of inference allows us to obtain additional information by using what is presented to reach conclusions about what has not been explicitly stated. We can seek to understand the author's intentions, goals, persuasion techniques, preferences, and other aspects of the author's thinking. For example, if we read that the details of a patient's life history were recorded, we can infer that the doctor used an interview process to obtain the information being presented. The writing does not necessarily tell us every detail of how the information was obtained, but the information provided allows us to make a reasonable inference. In this way, reading becomes an active process of investigation. We move from simply receiving the words on the page to examining the ideas behind them and considering what else can reasonably be understood from what the writer has communicated.

 

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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Skepticism and the Pursuit of Truth

 

    Those who pay attention to the media and the news may find that they are susceptible to the trickery and manipulation which may come alongside their factual news feed. This may also be true for anyone who is exposed to any form of information as the establishment of an industry alone and the presence of information in a college textbook by itself is enough to convince many people of the validity of the information. Current knowledge may contain errors and there is also the chance that something is being overlooked. Even science doesn't have a shield to protect it from possible human error. This is why blindly accepting knowledge can cause us to remain as foolish as our predecessors. It is therefore an intellectual responsibility to remain skeptical until knowledge has been verified by oneself. Skepticism is a virtue to uphold in order to avoid being led into believing in false information. For example, if one reads a news headline that a scientist has discovered a new element, it is wiser to remain skeptical until that knowledge has been verified by oneself. The reason for this is that statement may or may not be known to be true until one verifies it. The only way to verify that this statement is true is by directly observing the new element that has been discovered in a laboratory. Through the media outlet, this knowledge is received by means of testimony and should therefore be correctly understood to be a belief. All knowledge that is a belief has a truth value that remains uncertain and it is to be properly understood that the truth remains uncertain as one makes their decision on whether to believe the statement. If we are skeptical about knowledge and question it's validity, then we can make better decisions on what information we choose to believe. With the approach of skepticism, we can reach as close to the truth as we can.

    In the late 10^th and early 11^th centuries there was a mathematician and philosopher named Ibn Al-Haytham. Ibn Al-Haytham taught that if one's goal is to obtain the truth, then one should make themselves an enemy of everything they read, attacking it from all sides. We can reach as close to the truth as we can by viewing the information that has been presented to us from all of the perspectives that we can think of and by also questioning it's truth. The Greek philosopher Socrates also taught that asking questions is a method to examine the truth of knowledge. 

    If, for example, someone teaches you that every piece of evidence that we have obtained in the last 100 years has agreed with the theory of evolution, we can blindly accept this knowledge or we can be wise and remain skeptical of this knowledge as we have not yet verified this statement to be true by examining all of the evidence ourselves. If we look at the evidence and we come across the evidence of the two species of monkeys that live in the distant corners of South America and Africa and the scientific explanation for their migrations to their natural habitats is that monkeys floated across the Atlantic Ocean on mats of vegetation during a storm, then we can conclude that not all of the evidence that we have gathered in the last 100 years agrees with the theory of evolution and that as a matter of fact, we have evidence that contradicts it. This is why we should remain skeptical of any piece of knowledge we may encounter, even if it is presented by professionals who work in higher education institutes. The pursuit of truth should be made our goal when it comes to knowledge. We can take easy steps towards acquiring the truth by asking questions and by distinguishing between facts and beliefs.

“Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.” -Albert Einstein

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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The Practice of Compassion

 

    My study and practice of Eastern psychology began when I was 17 years old. It was during this time and the several years that followed when I was actively incorporating many of the teachings of Buddhist wisdom into my life. I no longer have to consciously apply many of these teachings as they have become my second nature. In other words, they have become my habitual responses to the events of life. One of these teachings is the teaching of compassion. I recall my many times of practicing the teaching of compassion and I place a great value of importance on this teaching as it serves as an effective method of emotional self-healing. The teaching of compassion has helped steer me through my past times of unusually difficult and horrific living conditions.

    For a period of time lasting 8 years following 18 years old, I had to endure great injustices. I attribute my ability to endure all of my struggles mostly to my experience of practicing Buddhist wisdom. It was during these times of hardship when I employed the teaching of compassion.

    The most important practice of the teaching of compassion is the practice of self-compassion. To practice self-compassion, we take a moment to reflect on ourselves and what we are going through and we deliberately choose to be compassionate for ourselves. Practicing this alleviates our suffering, cleanses our minds, and elevates our mood. Once practiced enough times, self-compassion can become our natural response to life's unfortunate circumstances.

    The second most important practice of the teaching of compassion is the practice of having compassion for others. By practicing compassion for others, we cultivate the therapeutic state of mind that comes with it, and by doing so we improve our own ability to have compassion for ourselves. Having compassion for others can also help us understand that we are not alone in the world when it comes to suffering. The outcome of the practice of compassion is emotional self-healing.

    There are many people who do not know of this method of self-healing and are clueless to the fact that this is something that they can do to assist themselves during times of suffering. If we learn that we can practice compassion and we give it a try, we can evolve ourselves to become wiser human beings that use our minds to work for our well-being.

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process

 

    The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been ongoing for a number of decades. It is a topic of war, bloodshed, hate, and discrimination. All those who are affected by this conflict, including those people who only read of this subject, may experience emotions of suffering as a result. The goals of this paper are to help the reader who may carry feelings concerning this subject alleviate their suffering and to educate on how I create peace with Palestinians. While there are many that may doubt that peace between the Israelis and Palestinians can take place, there are also many people, including myself, who believe that peace is achievable. I have seen this in my life on an individual basis and I have begun seeing it happen on the world stage with new movements for peace such as Realign for Palestine and The Abraham Accords.

    Peace between Israelis and Palestinians on an individual basis can be easily achieved with logical reasoning. If one realizes that both parties have no reason to hate one another when they do not think of themselves primarily as Israelis and Palestinians, then one can conclude that hatred in cases such as this is foolish behavior. This form of hatred is strictly based on the labels of nationality that one places upon others and neither party has a real reason to hate one another as they do not even know each other. What people need to know is that not every Palestinian wants war and not every Israeli agrees with new settlements in the West Bank. There are individuals, families, and groups of both sides who would enjoy peace, going to work, and living their lives. There are some who would argue that this conflict of war is over land. I would argue that, as we can see, the Israelis did not take that much land from the Arab world and that losing land or material possessions is not the end of the world. Life can continue from that point forward, and doing so is preferable to resorting to barbaric behavior such as violence and bloodshed. I, personally, have lived an unusually difficult life, and there was a time when I lost all of my material possessions. Rather than focusing my energy on seeking revenge, I continued living my life from that point forward. This is the preferable approach to living life as we continue taking steps towards prosperity instead of taking steps towards additional misery and sorrow. The continuation of this conflict of war is unnecessary.

    Peace between the Palestinians and Israelis on the world stage can be a permanent ceasefire and we can have that at any given time. This depends on the governing bodies of the Palestinians and Israelis. Until both governing bodies agree to a permanent ceasefire, we cannot enjoy peace on the world stage. We can, however, enjoy peace with one another on an individual basis. I, an Israeli-born man, have enjoyed making peace with Palestinians here in Los Angeles. When I encounter Palestinians here, I tell them nice things like “We come here to get away from the conflict” and “We come here to wash our sins away in the Pacific Ocean.” Peace on an individual basis is an easy process and many other Israelis and Palestinians as well as Jews and Muslims enjoy it here in the United States of America. My first best friend in America was a Muslim, in high school I played basketball with Palestinians and I even had a Palestinian best friend. One of my graduation photographs from college is myself doing a fist bump with a Palestinian graduate. I performed a rap presentation for my trigonometry class with a Palestinian beatboxer and posted the video on YouTube. One of my favorite memories is the time a Palestinian woman jumped me with a hug. As a known peace-maker between our peoples in the Los Angeles area, it was brought to my attention that there is an Israeli-Palestinian marriage that happened in Los Angeles.

    In the media of today it may be difficult to navigate through all of the hateful rhetoric when it comes to this subject. It seems that our understandings of the terms “Pro-Israel” and “Pro-Palestinian” are ones of strictly supporting one of the sides with the opposition to the other when we can be both pro-Israel and pro-Palestine. From an American perspective, as our political objectives are to create peace between Israelis and Palestinians, we should seek to be both pro-Israel and pro-Palestinian. What this means is not being anti either side and wishing for a safe lifestyle for both peoples.

    I have studied the teachings of Christianity in order to enhance my networking skills as I live in a Christian majority nation and I have discovered a useful teaching. Christianity teaches it's followers to forgive their enemies. While it may appear in some cases that forgiveness is outright stupid, in many other cases it is not and could serve the purpose of cleansing our own minds of negative emotions. This is why, whenever it is possible to do so, we should forgive our enemies. We can find ways to forgive our enemies in order to cleanse our minds. For example, we can forgive our enemies on the basis that they may have received poor education and that they may be under pressure from others to oppose us. Teachings such as this as well as ones that are included in Buddhist wisdom can help us alleviate our suffering.

    In recent times, there have been campaigns of misinformation that have been targeting those who support Israel. These campaigns of misinformation teach lies such as “Israel is a European colonial project” and “All Jews are white.” I am personally offended by the latter, which has arisen numerous times in conversations that I have been around, as I am a man of brown skin tone of 100% Yemeni Jewish descent. It is also worthy to note that Israel is not a European colonial project and is a direct result of the unfortunate genocide of the Jewish people known as The Holocaust. These campaigns of misinformation bring about chaos in the world and we must shun their voices as their objectives are not ones of mutual benefit to both peoples of this conflict. Adolf Hitler taught that if you tell a lie enough times then others will believe it. This is why it is important for these voices to be shunned. There are also people on both sides who may post on social media or say things that are based on emotional feelings instead of rational thinking when it comes to this subject and offend other people as a result. With the proper education, we can minimize this problem as well as solve many others. It can be viewed from the perspective that the Palestinian people have the opportunity to be the group of people in the world who granted peace upon the Jews.

    The truth is that peace between the Israelis and Palestinians is achievable. The statement that it is achievable is true. I also know from personal experience that our peoples are compatible with one another. Whether the governing bodies of both peoples reach an agreement for a permanent ceasefire cannot be controlled by the ordinary person, however, we can enjoy peace-making on an individual level. By seeing the truth of the individuality of people, we can eliminate the hatred that we may foolishly hold for an entire group of people. Efforts toward progress in the peace-making process can bring about real change and hope, and even through the clouds of hateful rhetoric, we can see this happening right now.

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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The Concept of Intellectual Humility

 

    The concept of intellectual humility does not mean that one actually needs to feel humiliated. It means being rational enough to desire learning the truth more than always being correct. Intellectual humility is a characteristic that defies foolishness. Being overconfident in one's expertise can lead to the mistake of overlooking the things that have not been considered. The claim of certainty can only be true for knowledge that is obtained by direct observation or is the only possibility. Our desire to learn the truth is more important and beneficial than any illogical stubbornness one may have. Intellectual humility may arise when we make mistakes, are misinformed, or are uninformed. We can learn the new information that has caused us intellectual humility and we can revise our knowledge thereafter. This is the wiser approach for the acquisition of knowledge as we obtain a clearer understanding of the truth as a result.

    When it comes to the acquisition of knowledge, there are many techniques that one can employ to evaluate the truth. We can find some detailed procedures on the evaluation of knowledge for it's truth in the study of epistemology. One of the most important and applicable teachings of philosophy is the teaching by Socrates to ask questions to assess the truth. Being wrong at times is acceptable, and we do not want foolishness to hinder us from making progress towards realizing the truth.

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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The Importance of Epistemology

    The importance of the subject of epistemology, the study of knowledge, is often overlooked. It is also agreed upon that the subject of epistemology is incomplete in it's current state. The improvements that could be made to all of our subjects and our everyday lives goes unseen as a result. The universally accepted outlined procedure of the inquiry of knowledge is the one that covers everything that we can do to inspect the truth to it's greatest detail. A universally accepted classification of the types of knowledge exists, depending on what lens one needs for their purpose. When knowledge is viewed with the distinction between absolute facts and beliefs, clarity is attained, and this is a universally accepted categorization of the types of knowledge. Within these categories we can place the additional sub-categories of knowledge where they fit. For example, knowledge that is based on direct observation is placed in the category of absolute facts and knowledge that is obtained through testimony is placed in the category of beliefs. The only knowledge that constitutes absolute facts is made either through direct observation or is the only possibility. With this clear understanding that pertains to knowledge in general, students of all subjects as well as newspaper readers can better understand the information that they are educated with, the scientists of today will make less mistakes, and clarity will be widespread. Due to all of the plausible improvements that could take place as a result, the study of epistemology requires completion.

    I have taken some time to do additional research on the knowledge that we currently have in epistemology. According to ChatGPT, there are several classifications of the types of knowledge all of which are not universally accepted. There is the classifications of knowledge by type which is the most commonly used one. The classifications of knowledge by type include propositional knowledge, which is knowing a fact or a proposition, procedural knowledge, which is knowing how to perform a task, and acquaintance knowledge, which is knowledge gained through direct familiarity such as knowing your best friend. I suppose that this is another way to view the types of knowledge but I am unsure of the purpose of viewing knowledge in this way at this time. Maybe in the future I will become well-versed in all the knowledge that we currently possess in epistemology.

    There is also the classification of knowledge by source which I think is the brightest classification that is currently included in the curriculum of epistemology. Here the types of knowledge are classified by their source. There is perception, which is knowledge obtained through the senses, memory, which is knowledge retained from previous experiences, testimony, which is knowledge acquired from other people, reason, which is knowledge obtained through logical thinking, and introspection, which is knowledge about one's own mental states. I think that this classification of the types of knowledge can be useful for discerning the reliability of the information once we identify it's source. This classification of knowledge does have a universally accepted version. We can figure it out. Do humans have any other sources for their knowledge? Do any of the sources in this classification overlap under a greater umbrella source? Do the categories of knowledge obtained through reason and knowledge obtained through introspection actually belong under a greater term of knowledge obtained from personal thoughts?

    ChatGPT also presents me with different theories that explain what makes knowledge justified. Before I state the names of these theories alongside their short descriptions that I have been provided with, I would like to make several remarks. These theories seem to be concerned with beliefs and justifying those beliefs. These theories have different goals than my own theory in epistemology which is titled “The Theory of Acceptance of Knowledge” which differentiates between indisputable knowledge and questionable knowledge. The goal of my theory is to understand the substance of the knowledge at hand and to be able to see what it is thereby assisting us in our decisions of what knowledge we choose to accept. The different theories that explain what makes knowledge justified include foundationalism, which believes that knowledge rests upon properly basic beliefs, coherentism, which believes that beliefs are justified because they fit coherently into an interconnected system of beliefs, infinitism, which believes that justification consists of an infinite chain of supporting reasons, reliabilism, which believes that knowledge comes from cognitive processes that reliably produce true beliefs, and virtue epistemology, which believes that knowledge arises through the exercise of intellectual virtues such as honesty, careful reasoning, and open-mindedness. What do you think about these theories? What do they sound like to you? Do you think that these theories have properly understood meanings and objectives? I would have to read them one by one in order for me to learn all about them. However, the goals of these theories do seem to be in a different and less important direction than the goal of the theory that I have concluded.

    The vast volume of upgrades to our education and lives awaits us with the completion of the field of epistemology. I have defined what the universally accepted versions of some of the teachings of epistemology are in this essay. The completion of this subject will bring humanity one step up the stairway to higher intellect. Up this stairway of the intellectuality of mankind rests an achievable level of higher human intelligence known as the age of peace of mankind.

© 2026 Hazon, Nir

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